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TABLE OF CONTENTS<br/>Author Biography <br/>Foreword<br/>Introduction<br/>Acknowledgements<br/>List of Abbreviations <br/><br/>Chapter 1— An Overview of Competition Law Enforcement<br/>Gõnenç Gürkaynak, Esq., Efe Oker<br/>1.1 The Roots and Historical Progression of Turkish Competition Law<br/>1.1.1 Constitutionai Basis for Competition Law in Turkey (Article 167)<br/>1.1.2 EU Membership and Shaping the Legislative Framework<br/>1.1.3 Ankara Agreement and EC-Turkey Association Council Decisions<br/>1.1.4 The Introduction of Law No. 4054 and the Founding of the Authority<br/>1.1.5 Summary of Significant Changes in Legisiation and Competition Policy<br/>1.1.5.1 Law No. 4054 Is Finally Revised<br/>1.1.5.1.1 De Minimis Principie<br/>1.1.5.1.2 Commitment and Settlement Mechanisms<br/>1.1.5.1.3 The SIEC Test<br/>1.1.5.1.4 Behavioural and Structural Remedies<br/>1.1.5.1.5 On-Site Inspections<br/>1.1.5.1.6 SeIf-Assessment Principie<br/>1.1.5.2 Recent Changes in Secondary Legislation<br/>1.1.5.2.1 Amendments to Communiqué No. 2010/4<br/>1.1.5.2.2 Introduction of Communiqué No. 2017/3<br/>1.1.5.2.3 Amendments to the Guidelines on Vertical Agreements <br/>1.1.5.2.4 Introduction of Lhe Guidelines on Examination Of Digital Data<br/>1.1.5.2.5 Introduction of Communiqué No. 2021/2<br/>1.1.5.2.6 Introduction of Communiqué No. 2021/3<br/>1.1.5.2.7 Introduction of the Regulation on Settlement Procedure<br/>1.1.5.3 The Authority's Competition Policy in Recent Years<br/>1.2 The Institutional Structure of Turkish Competition Law <br/>1.2.1 The Authority<br/>1.2.1.1 Relationships with Other Competition Authorities<br/>1.2.1.2 Other Work: Publications, Conferences, Sector lnquiries<br/>1.2.2 The Board<br/>1.3 Scope of Turkish Competition Law<br/>1.3.1 Legal Scope<br/>1.3.1.1 Legal Scope Accordmg to Legistation: What Can lhe Authority Act on? <br/>1.3.1.2 Competence and Other Relevant Administrative Authorities<br/>1.3.2 Geographic Scope<br/>1.3.2.1 Geographic Scope in Legislation<br/>1.3.2.2 Geographic Scope in Case Law<br/><br/>Chapter 2 - Articie 4 and Article 5 of the Competition Law: Basic Principies Gõnenç Gürkaynak, Esq., Firat Egrilmez and Aybüke Akdag<br/>2.1 Undertakings and Associations of Undertakings<br/>2.1.1 The Concept of Undertaking<br/>2.1.1.1 Economic Activity<br/>2.1.1.2 Economic Independence<br/>2.1.1.3 Economic Entity<br/>2.1.1.4 Status of State-Owned Entities<br/>2.1.2 Association of Undertakings<br/>2.2 Agreements, Decisions and Concerted Practices <br/>2.2.1 Agreements<br/>2.2.2 Decisions of Associations of Undertakings<br/>2.2.3 Concerted Practices<br/>2.3 Horizontal and Vertical Agreements<br/>2.4 Inter-Brand and Intra-Brand Competition<br/>2.5 De Minimis Concept <br/>2.6 Concepts of Restriction "By Object" and Restriction "By Effect”<br/>2.6.1 By Object Restrictions and Their Evolution in the Case Law<br/>2.6.2 Economic-Based Approach and Effects-Based Analysis<br/>2.7 Criteria for Individual Exemption<br/>2.7.1 lmproving the Production or Distribution of Goods or Promoting Technical or Economic Progress<br/>2.7.2 Consumers Must Benefit From the Efficiency Gains <br/>2.7.3 Should Not Eliminate Competition in a Significant Part oflhe Relevant Market<br/>2.7.4 Should Not Limit Competition More Than What is Necessary<br/><br/>Chapter 3 - Cartels and Tacit Collusion<br/>Gõnenç Gürkaynak, Esq., Hilal Ozçelik Güldeste and Sinan Haluk Tandogan<br/>3.1 A General Overview of Restrictive Agreements Regime<br/>3.2 Cartels<br/>3.2.1 Overview of the Cartel Enforcement Regime<br/>3.2.2 Different Variations of Cartel Agreements<br/>3.2.2.1 Price-Fixing<br/>3.2.2.2 Market Sharing<br/>3.2.2.3 Output Restrictions<br/>3.2.2.4 Bid Rigging (Collusive Tendering)<br/>3.2.3 Leniency Applications in Cartel Agreements<br/>3.3 Tacit Collusion <br/>3.3.1 Oligopolistic Interdependency<br/>3.3.2 Presumption of Concerted Practice<br/><br/>Chapter 4 - Other Horizontal Agreements<br/>Gõnenç Gürkaynak, Esq., Sinem Ugur and Aydeniz Bayta <br/>4.1 Cooperation Agreements and their Assessment<br/>4.1.1 Information Exchange<br/>4.1.1.1 Definition and Scope<br/>4.1.1.2 Assessment under Article 4 of Law No. 4054<br/>4.1.1.3 Assessment Under Article 5 of Law No. 4054<br/>4.1.2 R&D Agreements and Communiqué No. 2016/5 <br/>4.1.2.1 Definition and Scope<br/>4.1.2.2 Communiqué No. 2016/5 <br/>4.1.2.3 Determination of Relevant Markets<br/>4.1.2.4 Assessment Under Article 4 of Law No. 4054 <br/>4.1.2.5 Assessment Under Article 5 of Law No. 4054 <br/>4.1.3 Production Agreements and Communiqué No. 2013/3 <br/>4.1.3.1 Definition and Scope<br/>4.1.3.2 Communiqué No. 2013/3<br/>4.1.3.3 Determination of Relevant Markets <br/>4.1.3.4 Assessment Under Article 4 of Law No. 4054<br/>4.1.3.5 Assessment Under Article 5 of Law No. 4054 <br/>4.1.4 Joint Purchasing Agreements <br/>4.14.1 Definition and Scope<br/>4.1.4.2 Determination of Relevant Markets <br/>4.1.4.3 Assessment Under Article 4 of Law No. 4054 <br/>4.1.4.4 Assessment Under Article 5 of Law No. 4054 <br/>4.1.5 Commercialisation Agreements<br/>4.1,5.1 Definition and Scope<br/>4.1.5.2 Determination of Relevant Markets<br/>4.1.5.3 Assessment Under Article 4 of Law No. 4054<br/>4.1.5.4 Assessment Under Article 5 of Law No. 4054<br/>4.1.6 Standardisation Agreements<br/>4.1.6.1 Definition and Scope<br/>4.1.6.2 Assessment Under Article 4 of Law No. 4054<br/>4.1.6.3 Assessment Under Article 5 of Law No. 4054<br/>4.2 Horizontal Agreements in Labour Markets<br/>4.2.1 Labour Markets and Competition Law<br/>4.2.2 No-Poaching Agreements<br/>4.2.3 Wage-Fixing Agreements<br/><br/>Chapter 5 - Vertical Agreements<br/>Gnenç Gürkaynak, Esq., Dilara Yeiiyaprak and Asli Su Çoruk <br/>5.1 Types of Vertical Restrictions <br/>5.1.1 Resale Price Maintenance<br/>5.1.1.1 Direct Resale Price Maintenance Practices<br/>5.1.1.2 Indirect Resale Price Maintenance Practices<br/>5.1.1.3 By Object Restriction vs. Effects Based Analysis<br/>5.1.2 Exclusive Distribution<br/>5.1.2.1 Active Sales Bans <br/>5,1.2.1.1 Territorial V Geographical Exclusivity<br/>5.1.2.1.2 Customer Exclusivity<br/>5.1.2.2 Passive Sales Ban<br/>5.1.2.2.1 Export Bans <br/>5.1.2.2.2 Online Sales <br/>5.1.3 Selective Distribution<br/>5.1.4 Single Branding (Non-Compete Obligations) <br/>5.1.5 Obligation to Supply to a Single Buyer<br/>5.1.6 Most-Favoured Nation/Customer Clause<br/>5.1.7 Franchise Agreements <br/>5.1.8 Subcontracting Agreements<br/>5.1.9 Agency Relationship <br/>5.1.10 The Block Exemption Regulation for the Motor Vehicle Sector<br/>5. 1.11 The Block Exemption Regulation on Technology Transfer Agreements<br/><br/>Chapter 6 - Concept of Dominance<br/>Gõnenç Gürkaynak. Esq., Berfu Akgün and Beyza Timur <br/>6.1 Definition of Relevant Markets<br/>6.1.1 Product Market Definition<br/>6.1.1.1 Demand-Side Substitution <br/>6.1.1.2 Supply-Side Substitution<br/>6.1.2 Geographic Market Definition <br/>6.2 Market Power and Dominant Position <br/>6.2.1 The Initial Step: Market Shares<br/>6.2.2 Entry Barriers<br/>6.2.2.1 Legal Entry Barriers<br/>6.2.2.2 Capital Requirement<br/>6.2.2.3 Excess Capacity<br/>6.2.2.4 Product Differentiation and Customer Loyalty <br/>6.2.2.5 Technology Challenges <br/>6.2.2.6 Vertical Integration and Distribution Channels <br/>6.2.2.7 Timespan for Entry <br/>6.2.2.8 Switching Costs <br/>6.2.2.9 Sunk Costs and Network Effects<br/>6.2.2.10 Economies of Scale and Scope<br/>6.2.3 Countervailing Buying Power<br/>6.3 Collective Dominance<br/><br/>Chapter 7 - Abuse of Dominance - Exclusionary Practices <br/>Ginenç Gürkaynak, Esq., Betül Bas Çõmlekçi and Ceren Durak<br/>7.1 Concept of Abuse<br/>7.2 Anti-Competitive Effect<br/>7.3 Objective Justifications and Efficiency Claims<br/>7.4 Exclusionary Practices<br/>7.4.1 Predatory Pricing<br/>7.4.1.1 Concept of Predatory Pricing in Turkish Competition Law<br/>7.4.1.2 Pricing Strategy <br/>7.4.1.3 lntent <br/>7.4.1.4 Possibility for Recoupment <br/>7.4.1.5 Anti-Competitive Effect<br/>7.4.1.6 Objective Justilication <br/>7.4.2 Margin Squeeze<br/>7.4.2.1 Concept of Price/Margin Squeeze in Turkish Competition Law<br/>7.4.2.2 Indispensability<br/>7.4.2.3 Anti-Competitive Effect<br/>7.4.2.4 Objective Justification <br/>7.4.3 Exclusive Dealing <br/>7.4.3.1 Concept of Exclusive Dealing in Turkish Competition Law<br/>7.4.3.2 Anti-Competitive Effect<br/>7.4.3.3 Objective Justification <br/>7.4.4 Rebate Systems<br/>7.4.4.1 Concept of Rebate Systems in Turkish Competition Law<br/>7.4.4.2 Single-Product Rebates<br/>7.4.4.3 Package rebates<br/>7.4.5 Tying<br/>7.4.5.1 Concept of Tying in Turkish Competition Law<br/>7.4.5.2 Two Distinct Products<br/>7.4.5.3 Anti-competitive Effect<br/>7,4.5.4 Objective Justifications <br/>7.4.6 Refusal to Deal<br/>7.4.6.1 Concept of Refusal to Deal in Turkish Competition Law<br/>7.4.6.2 Indispensability<br/>7.4.6.3 Anti-Competitive Effect<br/>7.4.6.4 Consumer Harm<br/>7.4.6.5 Objective Justiflcation <br/>7.4.7 The Relationship Between IP Rights and Article 6<br/>7.4.7.1 Refusal to License<br/>7.4.7.2 Refusal to License and Standard Essential Patents <br/>7.4.7.3 Excessive Pricing<br/>7.4.7.4 Predatory Litigation<br/>7.4.7.5 Discrimination Against Licensees<br/><br/>Chapter 8 - Abuse of Dominance - Exploitative and Discriminatory Practices<br/>Gdnenç Gürkaynak. Esq. and Zeep Ayata Aydogan <br/>8.1 Exploitative Practices <br/>8.2 Concept of Exploitation and Theory of Harm <br/>8.3 Examples<br/>8.3.1 Excessive Pricing <br/>8.3.1.1 Operating at or near Monopolistic Status Where There Are Barriers To Entry<br/>8.3.1.2 Being Subject to or Complying With the Regulation<br/>8.3.1.3 The Test Applied to Decide Whether the Price Is Excessive<br/>8.3.1.4 Remedies Devised When Abuse Fias Been Established<br/>8.3.2 Unfair and Exploitative Contract Terms<br/>8.4 Discrirninative Practices<br/>8.5 Concept of Discrimination and Theories of Harm<br/>8.6 Examples<br/>8.6.1 Practices Leading to Primary Line Injury<br/>8.6.2 Practices Leading to Secondary Line Injury<br/><br/>Chapter 9 - Merger Control: Procedural Aspects <br/>Gdnenç Gürkaynak. Esq. and 1. Baran Can Yildirim <br/>9.1 Jurisdictional Issues<br/>9.1.1 Concept of Control <br/>9.1.1.1 Acquisition of Shares or Assets<br/>9.1.1.2 Contracts<br/>9.1.1.3 Other Means of Control<br/>9.1.2 Sole Control<br/>9.1.3 Joint Control<br/>9.1.3.1 Appointment of Senior Management and Determination of Budget<br/>9,1.3.2 Business Plan<br/>9.1.3.3 Investments <br/>9.1.3.4 Market-Specitic Rights <br/>9.1.4 Turnover-Based Thresholds <br/>9.1.4.1 Calculation Methods<br/>9.1.4.2 Instances of Where There are Two or More Transactions Between the Sarne Parties in the Sarne Relevant Product Market in the Last Three Years<br/>9.1.4.3 Instances Where Two or More Transactions by the Same Undertaking Are Considered as a Single Transaction<br/>9.1.5 Foreign-to-Foreign Transactions<br/>9.1.6 Exceptions<br/>9.1.7 Failure to Notify<br/>9.1.7.1 Monetary Fines<br/>9.1.7.2 Other Possible Consequences of Failure to Notify<br/>9.2 Types of Concentrations<br/>9.2.1 Mergers<br/>9.2.2 Acquisitions<br/>9.2.3 Joint Ventures<br/>9.2.3.1 Full Functionality<br/>9.2.3.1.1 Suflicient Resources to Operate Independently <br/>9.2.3.1.2 Conducting Activities Beyond the One Specific Function for the Parents<br/>9.2.3,1.3 Independence from the Parent Companies in Sale And Purchase Activities<br/>9.2.3.2 Possible Review Under Articles 4 and 5 of Law No. 4054 <br/>9.3 Notification and Suspension Requirement<br/>9.3.1 Phase I Review<br/>9.3.2 Phase II Review<br/>9.3.3 Suspension Requirement<br/>9.3.4 Consequences of Violation of the Suspension Requirement<br/>9.3.4.1 Monetary Fine <br/>9.3.42 Legal Consequences If the Transaction Is Not Approved<br/>9.3.4.3 Carve-Out and Hold-Separate Arrangements<br/>9.3.4.3.1PrysmianlDraka <br/>9.3.4.3.2 Bekaertl Pirelli <br/>9.3.4.3.3 APMT/Grup Maritim <br/>9.4 Commitments<br/><br/>Chapter 10 - Merger Control: Substantive Aspects <br/>Gõnenç Gürkaynak, Esq., 1. Baran Can Yildirim, LL.M., Burahan Koroglu, LI-M.,and Uzay Gdrkem Yildiz <br/>10.1 Market Definition for the Substantive Assessment of Concentrations<br/>10.2 Substantive Test<br/>10.2.1 Previously Applied "Dominance" Test<br/>10.2.2 Introduction of the SIEC Test<br/>10.3 The Boarcl's Review of Horizontal Concentrations<br/>10.3.1Market Power <br/>10.3.1,1 Market Share and Concentration Levels <br/>10.3.1.2 Countervailing Buyer Power<br/>10.3.1.3 Barriers to Entry<br/>10.3.2 Anti-Competitive Effects <br/>10.3.2.1 Unilateral Effects<br/>10.3.2.2 Coordinated Effects <br/>10.3.3 Efficiencies<br/>10.3.3.1 Benefit to Customers<br/>10.3.3.2 Failing Firm Defense<br/>10.3.3.3 Other Issues to be Considered<br/>10.3.3.3.1 Transaction specificity<br/>10.3.3.3.2 Verifiability<br/>10.4 Board's Review of Non-Horizontal Concentrations <br/>10.4.1 The Assessment of Market Power in Non-Horizontal Mergers<br/>10.4.2 Anti-Competitive Effects <br/>10.4.2.1 Vertical Concentrations<br/>10.4.2.1.1 Unilateral Effects<br/>10.4.2.1.1.1 lnput Foreclosure<br/>10.4.2.1.1.2 Customer Foreclosure<br/>10.4.2.1.2 Coordinated Effects <br/>10.4.2.2 Conglomerate Concentrations<br/>10.4.2.2.1 Unilateral Effects <br/>10.4.2.2.2 Coordinated Effects <br/>10.5 Remedies and Their Application <br/>10.5.1 General PrincipIes for the Remedies<br/>10.5.2 Structural Remedies<br/>10.5.3 Behavioural Remedies<br/>10.5.4 Board's Power to Apply Remedies <br/>10.6 Sector-Based Assessment of Concentrations<br/>10.6.1 Cement and Ready-Mixed Concrete <br/>10.6.2 Fast-Moving Consumer Goods <br/>10.6.3 Pharrnaceuticals <br/>10.6.4 Telecommunication <br/>10.6.5 Automotive <br/>10.7 Ancillary Restraints<br/><br/>Chapter 11 - Public Enforcement and Procedures<br/>Gnenç Gürkaynak. Esq. and Naz Altinsoy Uçar <br/>11.1 The Authority's Investigative Powers <br/>11.1.1 Ex officio proceedings <br/>11.1.2 Information Requests<br/>11.1.3 On-site Inspections<br/>11.1.3.1 Hard Copy Evidence<br/>11.1.3.2 Digital Evidence. <br/>11.1.3.3 Personal Devices and Correspondences<br/>11.1.3.4 Employer statements<br/>11.1.4 Privilege (Limitations) <br/>11.2 Complaints<br/>11.2.1 The Role of the Applicant <br/>11.2.2 The Rights of the Applicant<br/>11.2.2.1 The Rights of the Applicant During the Initiation Ofan Investigation<br/>11.2.2.2 Rights of the Applicant During the Investigation<br/>11.2.3 Rights of the Complainant After the Final Decision<br/>11.3 Preliminary Investigation <br/>11.4 Investigation<br/>11.4.1 Standard Investigation Procedure <br/>11.4.2 De Minimis Principle <br/>11.4.3 Commitment Procedure<br/>11.4.4 Settlement Procedure<br/>11.5 Oral Hearings<br/>11.5.1 Announcement of the Oral Hearing Meeting and Participants <br/>11.5.2 Meeting Quorum<br/>11.5.3 Publicity of the Hearing<br/>11.5.4 The Oral Hearing Meeting<br/>11.5.5 Submission of Evidence during the Oral Hearing <br/>11.6 Decisions<br/>11.6.1 Meeting and Quorum <br/>11.6.2 Constitutive Elements of Final Decisions <br/>11.7 Leniency Applications <br/>11.7.1 Application Process<br/>11.7.2 Review Process<br/>11.8 Exercise of Defence Rights in the Authority's Proceedings <br/>11.8.1 Burden of Proof <br/>11.8.2 Right to be Heard<br/>11.8.3 Self-Incrimination<br/>11.8.4 Protection of Trade Secrets<br/>11.8.5 Access to the File<br/>11.9 International cooperation<br/><br/>Chapter 12 - Sanctions and the Termination of Infringements<br/>Ginenç Gürkaynak, Esq., Hakan Demirkan, Esma Akta and Uzay Gi5rkem Yildiz <br/>12.1 Principles Regarding Administrative Monetary Fines <br/>12.1.1 Purpose and Scope <br/>12.1.2 Principles Relating to the Determination of Fines<br/>12.1.2.1 Single Continuous Infringement <br/>12.1.2.2 Ne bis in idem <br/>12.1.3 Base Fine <br/>12.1.4 Duratjon of the Violation<br/>12.1.5 Aggravating Factors <br/>12.1.5.1 Recidivism<br/>12.1.5.2 Maintaining the Cartel After the Notification of the investigation Decision<br/>12.1.5.3 Failure to Comply With Commitments <br/>12.1.5.4 Other Aggravating Factors<br/>12.1.6 Mitigating Factors<br/>12,1.6.1 Assisting Examination <br/>12.1.6.2 Encouragement by Public Authorities or Coercion by Other Undertakings<br/>12.1.6.3 Other Mitigating Factors<br/>12.1.7 Draft Reguiation on Fines<br/>12.2 Types of Administrative Fines<br/>12.2.1 Fines Imposed on Procedural Violations<br/>12.2.1.1 Providing False or Misleading Information in Exemption and Negative Clearance Notifications as well as Approval Notifications for Mergers and Acquisitions<br/>12.2.1.2 Completing Merger and Acquisitions that are Subject to the Board's Approval without the Board's Decision<br/>12.2.1.3 Providing Incomplete, False or Misleading Information or Documents, Failure to Provide on Time or not Providing at ali<br/>12.2.1.4 Refusing or Hindering On-site Inspections<br/>12.2.1.5 Failure to Comply With Commitments<br/>12.2.2 Fines on Managers and Employees <br/>12.3 Termination of an Infringement <br/>12.3.1 Opinion Letter under Article 9(3)<br/>12.3.2 Ínterim Measures<br/><br/>Chapter 13 - Judicial Review<br/>Gõnenç Gürkaynak, Esq. and Ali Kagan Uçar <br/>13.1 Nature of the Board's Decisions<br/>13.1.1 Final Decisions<br/>13.1.2 Ínterim Decisions<br/>13.2 Action for Annulment <br/>13.2.1 Competent Courts and Court Hierarchy <br/>13.2.2 Parties<br/>13.2.3 Time Limits for Judicial Review Proceedings<br/>13.2.4 Applicable Procedural Rules<br/>13.2.4.1 Applying to Superior Authorities<br/>13.2.4.2 Jurisdiction in Connected Cases<br/>13.2.4.3 Stay of Execution<br/>13.2.5 Grounds for Annulment <br/>13.2.5.1 The "Subject" Element <br/>13.2.5.2 The "Form" Element<br/>13.2.5.3 The Purpose" Element<br/>13.2.5.4 The "Jurisdiction" Element <br/>13.2.5.5 The "Reason" Element<br/>13.3 Substantive Issues<br/>13.3.1 Individual Exemption <br/>13.3.2 Negative Clearance<br/>13.3.3 Mergers and Acquisitions<br/>13.3.4 No-Go Decision at the End of the Preliminary Investigation Phase<br/>13.3.5Termination of Infringement <br/>13.3.5.1 Behaviourai and Structural Remedies <br/>13.3.5.2 Opinion Letter (Article 9(3) Letter<br/>13.3.5.3 Interim Measure<br/>13.3.6 Periodic Monetary Fine <br/>13.3.7 Final Decision at the end of the Investigation Phase<br/>13.4 Consequences of an Annulment Decision<br/><br/>Chapter 14 - Private Enforcement<br/>Gônenç Gürkaynak, Esq., Tugba Uluay, Górkem Yardim and Büra KiriçiogIu <br/>14.1 Private Enforcement in General<br/>14. 1.1 Legal Nature of Liability Under Competition Law <br/>14.1.2 Types of Breaches and Conditions i.mder the Law No. 4054 for Compensation <br/>14.1.2.1 Compensation for Breaches under Article 4 of the Law. No 4054<br/>14,1.2.2 Compensation of Breaches Under Article 6 of Law No. 4054<br/>14.1.2.3 Compensation of Breaches Under Article 7 of Law No. 4054<br/>14.2 Substantive Conditions for the Claim of Damages<br/>14.2.1 Elements of Compensation <br/>14.2.2 Occurrence and Scope oft the Loss<br/>14.2.2.1 Concept of Loss<br/>14.2.2.2 Determination of Lhe Damages<br/>14.2.2.2.1 Calculation of the Loss<br/>14.2.2.2.2 Establishing the Date of the Damage <br/>14.2.2.2.3 Set-off<br/>14.2.2.2.4 Discretion of The Court on The Amount of Losses<br/>14.2.2.3 Determining the Compensation <br/>14.2.2.3.1 The Amount of Compensation<br/>14.2.2.3.2 Compensation by Treble Damages <br/>14.2.2.4 Existence of an Unlawful Act, Causal Connection and Fault<br/>14.2.2.4.1 Existence of an Unlawful Act<br/>14.2.2.4.2 Existence of Causal Connection<br/>14.2.2.4.3 Existence of Fault <br/>14.3 Procedural Issues in the Claim of Damages <br/>14.3.1 Parties to the Claim<br/>14.3.1.1 Defendants<br/>14.3.1.2 Plaintiffs <br/>14.3.2 Competent Court. <br/>14.3.3 Statute of Limitations (Time Bars)<br/>14.3.4 Issues on Evidence <br/>14.4 Conflicts between Civil and Administrative Procedures regarding <br/>Competition Law Matters<br/><br/>Bibliography<br/><br/> |
