Contents
Preface
Acknowledgements

Chapter 1: Introduction
Purpose and Scope
Importance of the Cases
Sources

Chapter 2: The Economics of Price Fixing
Basic Concepts
Price Fixing Conduct Defined
Conditions Facilitating Collusion
Effects of Collusion
Cartel Histories

Chapter 3: Anticartel Laws and Enforcement
MarketPower
Anti-cartel Laws
Prosecuting International Price Fixing
Cartel Sanctions

Chapter 4: The Citric Acid Industry
The Product
Technology and Early Development
Market Size and Growth
The Structure of Production
Members of the Cartel
International Trade Patterns
Costs of Production
Selling Practices

Chapter 5: The Citric Acid Conspiracy
Introduction
Triggering Events
Meeting and Methods
Citric Acid Price Movements
The Role of Cargill
The China Problem
The Cartel Is Unmasked

Chapter 6: Economic Impacts of the Citric Acid Cartel
Price Effects
Effects of Production
Effects on International Trade
The Customer Overcharge Conclusions

Chapter 7: The World Lysine Industry
The Product and Its Uses
Technology of Production
History of the Industry
Market Size and Growth
Structure of Supply in the 1990s
Members of the Cartel
SellingPractices

Chapter 8: The Lysine Conspiracy
The Price War of 1991-1992
Meetings and Methods
The Cartel Is Unmasked

Chapter 9: Economic Effects of the Lysine Cartel
Price Effects
Production Effects
Effects on International Trade
Effects on Profits
The Customer Overcharge
Conclusions

Chapter 10: The Global Vitamins Industries
Introduction
Industry Ongins
Market Structure
Companies
Market Size and Growth
Trade and Location of Production

Chapter 11: The Vitamins Conspiracies
Collusion Begins
Cartel Organization and Methods
The Roche Cartels
Cartels without Roche
Meeting Challenges to Collusion
Endgame: The Conspiracies Unravel

Chapter 12: Effects of the Vitamins Cartels
Duration
Price Effects
Profits
Customer Overcharges

Chapter 13: U.S. Government Prosecutions
The Antitrust Division
The Biggest Mole Ever Seen
Enter the FBI
Grand Juries
The FBI Raids
Lysine Guilty Pleas
The Citric Acid Prosecutions
Prosecution of the Vitamins Cartels
Impact on Civil Cases

Chapter 14: Antitrust Prosecutions Outside the United States
Lysine
Citric Acid
Vitamins
Other Jurisdictions

Chapter 15: The Civil Suits
Introduction
The Federal Lysine Case
The Federal Citric Acid Case
The Federal Com Sweeteners Cases
The Vitamins Cases
Indirect Purchasers' Cases
Effectiveness of Civil Penalties

Chapter 16: The Business of Fighting Cartels
A Boon for Law Firms
Can the Antitrust Agencies Cope?
Were the Fines High Enough?
Are New Laws Needed9 Conclusions

Chapter 17: Global Price Fixing: Summing Up
Market Structure Matters Collusive Behavior
Escalating Antitrust Sanctions and Deterrence
Assessing Antitrust Sanctions
Financial Impacts of Antitrust Sanctions
Corporate Governance Structures
The Fate of Individual Conspirators
The Social Costs of Global Cartels
Antitrust Prosecutors: Methods and Reputations
References
Index