Conteúdo |
Chapter One. An Introduction to Administrative Law<br/><br/>What Is Administrative Law? <br/>Why Do We Have Administrative Agencies? <br/>What Is an Administrative Agency? <br/>Separation of Powers <br/> Separation of Powers Analysis-Formalism <br/> Separation of Powers Analysis-Functionalism <br/>The Executive Power <br/> Bowsher v. Synar <br/> Morrison v. Olson<br/>The Legislative Power<br/> Immigration and Naturalization Service v. Chadha<br/> The Non-delegation Doctrine <br/> Substantive (Legislative) Rules <br/> Interpretative Rules <br/>The Judicial Power <br/> Commodity Futures Trading Commission v. Schor <br/> Mistretta v. United States<br/>Creating an Agency<br/>The Range of Legislative Design Choices<br/> The Legislative Process for Creating an Agency<br/> Administrative Procedure Legislation (APA)<br/> Does the APA Apply to This Agency?<br/> Does the APA Apply to This Problem?<br/> Does the APA Complement the Agency Legislation on the Problem?<br/>Some Functional Effects of Creating an Agency<br/>Executive Authority-"Take Care That the Laws Be Faith-fully Executed<br/>Legislative Authority-"The Framing and Enactment of Laws<br/>Some Functional Effects of Creating an Agency-Continued<br/>Judicial Authority-"The Official Right to Hear, Consider, and Determine Questions in Controversy<br/>Summary-The Headless "Fourth Branch" of Government<br/><br/>Chapter Two. Introduction to the Administrative Procedure Act and Public Information<br/><br/>Introduction to the Administrative Procedure Act (APA) <br/>Section 3 of the Original APA <br/>Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) <br/>Public Information <br/>Agency Records Exempt From Disclosure <br/>National Parks and Conservation Association u. Morton <br/>National Labor Relations Board u. Sears, Roebuck & Co <br/>Reverse FOIA Actions <br/>Chrysler Corporation u. Brown <br/>The Privacy Act of 1974 <br/>The Government in the Sunshine Act <br/><br/>Chapter Three. Agency Administration of Its Legislative Program<br/><br/>Asserting Agency Authority-The Available Means <br/>Asserting Agency Authority-Choosing the Means <br/>Asserting Agency Authority-Making the Choices <br/>Internal Factors Influencing the Choices <br/> Lack of Experience <br/> Insufficient Experience <br/> Complexity of Policy Issues <br/> Caseload <br/> Avoiding Criticism <br/> Impediments to Rule Making <br/> Legislative History <br/>External Factors Influencing the Choices <br/> Legislative Pressure and Intrusion <br/> Executive Pressure and Intrusion <br/> Petitions for Rule Making <br/> Judicial Review of Petitions for Rule Making <br/> Judicial Review of Agency Adjudication <br/>The Choice: A Matter of Degree <br/>Securities & Exchange Commission u. Chenery Corporation <br/>Asserting Agency Authority - The Court-Imposed Choice <br/>Theories on Which Courts May Order Promulgation of Rules-Standards <br/> Abuse of Discretion <br/> Curry u. Block<br/>Mandatory Language in Agency Legislation <br/> Federal or State Administrative Procedure Legislation <br/> Common Law or Equitable Considerations <br/> Sun Ray Drive-ln Dairy v. Oregon Liquor Control Commission <br/> Constitutional Principles-Due Process of Law and Equal Protection of the Laws <br/>Hornsby v. Allen <br/>Elizondo v. Department of Revenue <br/> Constitutional Principles-The Right to Know <br/>Remedies and the Court-Ordered Choice <br/>Court-Ordered Adjudication <br/>American Airlines Inc. v. Civil Aeronautics Board <br/>Asserting Agency Authority-Implementing the Choice <br/>Constitutional Requirements-Rule Making and Adjudication<br/>Londoner v. City and County of Denver <br/>Bi-Metallic Investment Company v. State Board of Equalization of Colorado <br/>Distinguishing Between Legislating and Adjudicating<br/><br/>Chapter Four. Procedural Requirements for Rule Making-Federal<br/><br/>Agency Legislation <br/>The Administrative Procedure Act <br/>Subject Matter Exceptions From APA Rulemaking Procedures <br/>Notice of Proposed Rule Making <br/>General Exemptions From § 553 Procedures <br/> Interpretative Rules and General Statements of Policy Distinguished <br/> Interpretative Rules <br/> Legal effect of the rule <br/> The formal approach <br/> The functional approach <br/> Factors applied in the analysis <br/> Substantial impact of the rule <br/>General Statements of Policy <br/>Alaska v. Department of Transportation <br/> Procedural Rules <br/>Publication Requirements <br/> Substantive (legislative) Rules <br/> General Policy Statements and General Interpretations <br/> Publication by Reference <br/>The Good Cause Exemption From § 553 Procedures <br/>The Required Proceeding <br/> Opportunity to Participate <br/>Vermont Yankee Nuclear Power Corp. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc <br/> Consideration of Materials Submitted and Statement of Basis and Purpose <br/> Formal Rulemaking Proceedings- "Trigger" Language <br/>United States v. Florida East Coast Railway Co <br/>Publication of Substantive Rule Before Its Effective Date <br/> Delay Period <br/> Retroactive Rules <br/>The Right to Petition the Agency for a Rule <br/>Procedural Requirements for Rule Making-State and Local<br/>Agency Legislation <br/>The State APA <br/>Agency Procedural Rules <br/>Local APA <br/><br/>Chapter Five. Procedural Requirements for Adjudication - Federal <br/><br/>Initiating the Adjudicatory Process <br/>Regulatory Agencies <br/> Nonenforcement<br/> Heckler v. Chaney<br/> Selective Enforcement<br/> Moog Industries, Inc., v. Federal Trade Commission<br/>Federal Trade Commission v. Universal-Rundle Corp.<br/> Private Enforcement<br/> Cort v. Ash<br/>Benefits Agencies<br/> Application for Benefits<br/> Termination of Benefits<br/>Licensing Agencies<br/> Application for a License<br/> License Suspension or Revocation<br/>Adjudication Procedures: Agency Legislation<br/>Adjudication Procedures: Administrative Procedure Legislation<br/>Formal Adjudication Required by Statute<br/>Exemptions From § 554<br/> A Matter Subject to a Subsequent Trial de novo<br/> The Selection or Tenure of an Employee<br/> Decisions Based Solely on Inspections, Tests or Elections<br/> The Conduct of Military or Foreign Affairs Functions<br/> Where an Agency is Acting as an Agent for a Court<br/> The Certification of Worker Representatives<br/>Notice of Hearing<br/>Private Moving Parties<br/>Time and Place for Hearing<br/>Compromise and Settlement<br/>Hearing Pursuant to §§ 556 and 557<br/>The Recommended or Initial Decision <br/>ALJ Consultation Prohibited <br/>Separation of Functions <br/>Grolier Incorporated v. Federal Trade Commission <br/>Participation in Decision, Recommended Decision or Agency Review <br/>Exceptions to Separation of Functions Provisions <br/> Applications for Initial Licenses <br/> Rates, Facilities or Practices of Public Utilities or Carriers <br/> The Agency and Agency Members <br/> Withrow v. Larkin <br/>Declaratory Orders <br/>Informal Adjudication<br/>Agency Legislation<br/>APA § 555 <br/>Agency Procedural Rules <br/>Procedural Due Process of Law <br/>Case Law Construing All of the Above <br/><br/>Chapter Six. Procedural Rights of Persons and Parties <br/><br/>Limits on Application <br/>Appearance With Counsel <br/>Intervention <br/> An Agency Function <br/> An Agency Proceeding <br/>Agency Duty to Conclude Matters Presented <br/>ln Re International Chemical Workers <br/>Process, Required Reports and Inspections<br/> Reports and Records <br/> Required Reports<br/> Required Records<br/>Administrative Procedure Act <br/> Inspections and Searches <br/> Subpoenas <br/>Private Party Subpoenas <br/>Subpoena Enforcement<br/>Agency Notice of Denial <br/>Discovery: Court Rules, The APA, The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA) and Agency Discovery Rules<br/>Federal Court Lawsuit <br/>Formal Agency Adjudication <br/> The Federal Rules of Civil Procedure <br/> Agency Statutes<br/> Administrative Procedure Legislation<br/> Agency Discovery Rules<br/> The Freedom of Information Act (FOIA)<br/> Discovery Techniques<br/> Prehearing Conferences<br/> Depositions<br/> Written Interrogatories<br/> Requests for Admissions<br/> Production of Documents and Tangibles<br/> Subpoenas <br/> Witness Prior Statements-The Jencks Rule<br/><br/>Chapter Seven. Constitutionally Required Procedural Fairness<br/><br/>1. Agency legislation <br/>2. Federal or State APA <br/>3. Agency Procedural Rules <br/>4. Constitutional Requirements- Due Process and Equal Protection <br/>a. The Constitutional Language <br/>b. The Londoner-Bi-Metallic Distinction <br/>e. The Right-Privilege Doctrine <br/>d. Equal Protection of the Laws Complications <br/>B. Does Due Process Apply? <br/>Cafeteria & Restaurant Workers Union u. McElroy<br/>Goldberg u. KellJ<br/>Board of Regents u. Roth<br/>Perry u. Sindermann<br/>O'Bannon u. Town Court Nursing Center <br/>Cleueland Board of Education u. Loudermill <br/>C. What Process Is Due? <br/>1. The Hearing-Timing <br/>a. The General Rule <br/>b. Extraordinary Situations <br/>2. The Hearing-Type <br/>3. Substitute for a Hearing <br/>4. Bifurcated Proceedings <br/>North American Cold Storage Company v. City of Chicago <br/>Goláberg v. Kelly<br/>Goss v. Lopez<br/>Mathews v. Eldridge<br/>lngraham v. Wright <br/>Cleveland Board of Education v. Loudermill<br/>D. Procedural Due Process-Summary<br/>Chapter Eight. Formal Hearings<br/>B. The Administrative Procedure Act<br/>1. Applicability of Section 556<br/>2. Presiding Officers<br/>3. Hearing Powers<br/>4. Evidence <br/>a. Burden of Proof<br/>b. Oral or Documentary Evidence<br/>c. Hearsay<br/>Richardson v. Perales<br/>d. Cross-Examination<br/>Calhoun v. Bailar<br/>e. Illegally Obtained Evidence<br/>f. Methods of Proof, Inferences and Presumptions<br/>g. Establishing General Facts by Rule<br/>Heckler v. Campbell <br/>h. The Whole Record Rule<br/>i. The Meaning of Substantial Evidence<br/>j. Submission of Evidence in Writing <br/>5. The Record <br/>6. Official Notice of a Material Fact <br/>a. The Constitutional Background <br/>Ohio Bell Telephone Co. v. Public Utilities Commission of Ohio<br/>b. The Administrative Procedure Act <br/>Bank s v. Schweiker<br/>7. Harmless Error<br/> <br/>Chapter Nine. Agency Decisions in Formal Proceedings <br/><br/>A. Individual and Institutional Decisions <br/>1. The Role of a Judge <br/>2. The Role of a Hearing Officer (ALJ)<br/>3. The Role of the Agency<br/>B. The Morgan Cases <br/>Morgan v. United States <br/>Morgan v. United States <br/>National Nutritional Foods Association v. Food and Drug Administration<br/>C. Extensive Delegation Within the Agencies<br/>D. Decision Requirements in Agency Legislation<br/>E. Decision Requirements in the APA <br/>1. Relationships Between § 556 and § 557 <br/>2. Original Decisions; Appeal and Review <br/>a. Presiding Officer (ALI) <br/>b. Original Decisions of Presiding Officers (AL.Js) and the Agency <br/>(1) Initial Decision <br/>(2) Recommended Decision <br/>(3) Tentative Decision of the Agency <br/>e. Appeal and Review of Original Decisions <br/>(1) Initial Decisions <br/>(2) Recommended Decisions <br/>(3) Tentative Decisions <br/>(4) Intermediate Appeal or Review <br/>3. Right to Submit Proposed Findings and Conclusions, Exceptions and Supporting Reasons to Decision Makers <br/>4. The Agency Decision <br/>a. Basis for the Decision <br/>b. Scope of the Decision <br/>e. Findings of Fact and Conclusions of Law<br/>Saginaw Broadcasting Co. v. Federal Communications Comimission (Gross et al., Intervenors) <br/>Universal Camera Corp. v. National Labor Relations Board <br/>Allntown Brodcasting Corporation v. Federal Communications Commission<br/>Federal Communications Commission v. Allentown Broadcasting Corp <br/>Penasquitos Village, Inc. v. National Labor Relations Board <br/>d. Rehearing and Reopening <br/>5. Ex Parte Communications <br/>6. The Effect of the Decision <br/>a. Direct Effect on the Agency and the Parties<br/>b. General Effect on the Agency and Others<br/>e. Res Judicata and Collateral Estoppel<br/>d. Equitable Estoppel Against the Government<br/> <br/>Chapter Ten. Additional APA Provisions<br/><br/>Agency Powers and Sanction Authority<br/>1. Variations in Agency Choice of Sanction<br/>2. Agency Abuse of Discretion in Choosing Sanction<br/>3. Agency Sanction as Violation of Equal Protection<br/>B. Agency Licensing Actions<br/>1. License Applications <br/>2. License Suspensions and Revocations<br/>3. License Renewals<br/>C. Coordination With Other Statutes and Superseding or Modifying the APA<br/>1. Coordination With Pre-APA Statutes<br/>2. Legislation Superseding or Modifying the APA<br/>D. Negotiated Rulemaking Procedure<br/>E. The Negotiated Rulemaking Act<br/>1. Agency Determination to Use Negotiated Rulemaking<br/>2. Public Notice of Negotiated Rulemaking<br/>3. The Negotiated Rulemaking Committee<br/>4. Support Services<br/>5. Judicial Review<br/>F. Administrative Dispute Resolution<br/>G. The Administrative Dispute Resolution Act<br/>1. Limitations on Using ADR <br/>2. Neutrals in ADR Proceedings<br/>3. Disclosure of lnformation<br/>4. Voluntary Arbitration<br/>5. Arbitration Award<br/>6. Judicial Review of Arbitration Award<br/>H. Regulatory Flexibility<br/>I. The Regulatory Flexibility Act<br/>1. Agency Rules Subject to the Act<br/>2. Regulatory Flexibility Agenda<br/>3. Initial Regulatory Flexibility Analysis<br/>4. Final Regulatory Flexibility Analysis<br/>5. Certification of Inapplicability by Head of Agency<br/>6. Exception for Emergency Circumstances<br/>7. Opportunity for Small Entities to Participate<br/>8. Agency Periodic Review of Its Rules<br/>9. Judicial Review<br/><br/>Chapter Eleven. Availability of Judicial Review <br/><br/>A. Presumption of Reviewability<br/>B. Jurisdiction to Provide Review<br/>1. Special Statutory Review<br/>2. General Jurisdiction Statutes<br/>3. Specific Jurisdiction Statutes<br/>4. The Administrative Procedure Act<br/> C. Preclusion of Review<br/>1. The Administrative Procedure Act<br/>2. Statutory Preclusion<br/>a. Implied Preclusion<br/>Bowen u. Michigan Academy of Family Physicians<br/>b. Express Preclusion <br/>e. Preclusion of Constitutional Claims<br/>d. Limiting the Scope of Review<br/>3. Committed to Agency Discretion<br/>a. No Law to Apply<br/>Webster u. Doe<br/>b. Decisions Traditionally Committed to Agency Discretion<br/>D. Form of Proceeding; Venue; Review in Enforcement Proceedings<br/>1. Form and Venue of Proceeding<br/>2. Venue<br/>3. Review in Enforcement Proceedings<br/><br/>Chapter Twelve. Standing: Models for Analysis and Prediction<br/><br/>A. Introduction: Standing as a Component of Justiciability<br/>B. Main Themes (Factors) Involved in Standing Analysis<br/>C. Main Themes Subclassified <br/>1. Alleging a Justiciable Injury <br/>a. Specific, Individual Injury <br/>b. Article III and Separation of Powers <br/>e. Judicial Tradition, Policy and Article III <br/>d. Asserting Injury to a Private Interest <br/>e. Asserting Injury to the Public Interest <br/>2. The Legal Basis of the Standing Claim <br/>a. Pure Standing Under Art. III <br/>(1) Common-Law Right Asserted <br/>(2) Constitutional Right Asserted <br/>(3) Statutory Interest Asserted <br/>(4) Administrative Rule Interest Asserted <br/>b. Standing Supported by Statute <br/>(1) Based on Article III and Agency (Organic) Statutes <br/>(2) Based on Article III, Agency (Organic) Statutes and the APA <br/>3. The Private or Public Nature of the Action <br/>4. Whose Interests Are Being Asserted by the Complainant? <br/>a. Representational Standing-Associations <br/>b. Representational Standing-Individuals<br/>5. Prudential Limitations on Standing <br/>6. State-Created Standing <br/>7. Special Considerations-Administrative Law <br/> C. Main Themes Sub-Classified-Continued <br/> b. Statutes Restricting Standing to a "Party"<br/> e. Standing to Intervene in an Agency Proceeding <br/> 8. A General Model for Standing Analysis<br/> 9. Sovereign Immunity<br/>D. Standing Themes Illustrated<br/> 1. Alleging a Justiciable Injury<br/> Allen v. Wright <br/> 2. The Legal Basis of the Standing Claim<br/> a. Pure Standing Under Article IIL<br/> Flast v. Cohen<br/> b. Standing Supported by Statute<br/>(1) Based on Article III and Agency (Organic) Statutes Associated Industries of New York State, Inc. v. Ickes <br/>(2) Based on Art. III, Agency (Organic) Statutes and the APA<br/>Association of Data Processing Service Organizations, Inc. v. Camp<br/> Sierra Club v. Morton<br/> United States v. Scrap<br/>Japan Whaling Association v. American Cetacean Society <br/>Clarke v. Securities Industry Association<br/>3. The Private or Public Nature of the Action<br/> 4. Whose Interests Are Being Asserted by the Complainant? <br/> a. Representational Standing-Associations<br/> Hunt v. Washington State Apple Advertising Commission<br/> b. Representational Standing-Individuals<br/> Singleton v. Wulff<br/> 5. Prudential Limitations on Standing<br/> 6. State-Created Standing<br/> Asarco Inc . v. Kadish<br/>E. State Court Standing<br/> 1. Federalism<br/> 2. Justiciability and Standing<br/><br/>Chapter Thirteen. Timing of Judicial Review and Relief Pending Review<br/><br/>A. Finality and Ripeness<br/>1. Finality of Administrative Action<br/>2. Finality and the Administrative Procedure Act<br/>a. Action Made Reviewable by Statute<br/>b. Final Agency Action<br/>3. Ripeness<br/>a. Legislative Rules<br/> Abbott Laboratories v. Gardner<br/> b. Interpretative Rules and Informal Rulings Ciba-Geigy Corporation v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency<br/> c. Preliminary, Procedural or Intermediate Action<br/>B. Exhaustion of Administrative Remedies <br/>a. A Court-Developed Doctrine <br/>b. Legislatively Imposed Exhaustion Requirements <br/>2. The Court-Developed Doctrine <br/>3. Some Illustrations <br/>a. Waiver of the Issue for Failure to Raise It Before the Agency <br/>b. Where Fact Issues and Agency Expertise Are Involved <br/>c. Where the Complainant Alleges Irreparable Damage If Required to Exhaust Remedies <br/>d. Use of Federal Courts to Restrain State Agencies <br/>e. Asserting Questions of Law <br/>(1) Constitutional Questions <br/>(2) Lack of Jurisdiction <br/>(3) Agency Violation of a "Clear Right" 61<br/>(4) No Properly Authorized Procedure to Exhaust <br/>(5) Solely a Question of Statutory Interpretation <br/>(6) Lack of Authority to Grant the Remedy Requested <br/>4. Exhaustion Doctrine and the APA <br/>Darby v. Cisneros<br/>C. Primary Jurisdiction <br/>2. The Basic Doctrine <br/>Nader v. Allegheny Airlines, Inc.<br/>3. The Modified Doctrine <br/>4. Retain on or Dismiss From Court Docket <br/>5. Primary Jurisdiction and the Antitrust Laws <br/>D. Relief Pending Judicial Review and Interim Relief <br/>1. Relief Pending Judicial Review <br/>a. Court Authority ln General <br/>b. Court Authority Under the APA <br/>e. Agency Authority Under the APA <br/>2. Interim Relief <br/><br/>Chapter Fourteen. Scope of Judicial Review <br/><br/>Questions of Law<br/>General Principles of Judicial Review <br/>Types of Questions of Law Decided by Agencies <br/>Constitutional Law Questions 705<br/>Interpreting Legislative Language and Applying it to Facts Developed in Formal Proceedings <br/>The Political Nature of Legislative Acts<br/>The Political Nature of Legislation Requires Its Interpretation <br/>Variations Among Judicial Models for Interpretioning Legislation<br/>Court-Agency Qualification s to Interpret Legislation<br/>Inherent Vesting of Interpretative Authority in the Agency<br/>Executive Responsibility of the Agency to Interpret Its Legislation<br/>Court-Agency Allocation of Authority to Interpret Legislation<br/>National Lahor Relations Board v. Hearst Publications, Inc.<br/> Packard Motor Car Co. v. National Lahor Relations Board<br/> Bureau of Alcohol , Tobacco and Firearms v. Federal Lahor Relations Authority<br/>Interpreting Legislative Language in the Abstract <br/>Interpretative Rules, Guidelines, Policy Statements<br/> Skidmore Et Al . v. Swift & Co.<br/> Ford Motor Credit Co. v. Milhollin<br/>Legislative Rules<br/> Batterton v. Francis<br/> Chevron, U.S .A. Inc. v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc. <br/>Agency Interpretation of Its Legislative Rules<br/>Agency Discretion Limited by Its Rules<br/>Substantive (Legislative) Rules<br/>Procedural Rules and Procedures<br/>Interpretative Rules, General Policy Statements, and Guidelines<br/>Findings of Fact<br/>Developed From Evidence Introduced in a Formal Proceeding ("The Exclusive Record for Decision")<br/> Universal Camera Corp. v. National Lahor Relations Board<br/>Developed From Data Accumulated in Informal Proceedings (Decision Based on the "Administrative Record ")<br/>Informal Adjudication<br/>Citizens to Preserve Overton Park, Inc. v. Volpe<br/>Informal Rulemaking <br/>Promulgation of Rules <br/>Substantial Evidence-Arbitrary, Capricious: A Reconciliation <br/>Association of Data Processing Service Organizations, Inc. v. Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System Agency Amendment or Repeal of a Legislative Rule<br/>Motor Vehicle Manufacturers Association of the United States, Inc. v. State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co<br/>Review of "Legal" Facts <br/>Constitutional Facts <br/>Jurisdictional Facts <br/>A Summary Statement on Judicial Review<br/>Scope of Review in the States<br/> |