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CONTENTS<br/><br/>Foreword iii<br/><br/>Introduction xix<br/><br/>Chapter I - Restraints of Trade<br/>A. Introduction <br/><br/>B. Elements of a Section 1 Violation <br/>1. Proof of a Contract, Combination, or Conspiracy <br/>a. Distinguishing Unilateral from Concerted Action<br/>(1) Inferring an Agreement among Competitors <br/>(2) Inferring a Vertical Agreement <br/>(3) Inferring a Hub-and-Spoke Agreement <br/>b. A Special Case: Intraenterprise Conspiracy <br/>e. Trade Association Conduct as Concerted Action <br/>2. Proof That the Restraint of Trade Is Unreasonable <br/>a. The Per Se Rule <br/>b. The Rule of Reason <br/>(1) Proof of Anticompetitive Effect <br/>(a) The Quick Look <br/><br/>C. Horizontal Restraints of Trade <br/>1. Horizontal Arrangements Controlling or Affecting Price <br/>a. Per Se Illegal Arrangements Affecting Price <br/>b. Arrangements Affecting Price Subject to the Rule of Reason <br/>e. Exchanges of Price Information <br/>2. Horizontal Arrangements among Competitors to Divide Markets or Allocate Customers <br/>3. Horizontal Arrangements Constituting Concerted Refusals to Deal <br/>a. Industry Self-Regulation <br/>b. Sports Leagues and Associations <br/>e. Health Care <br/>4. Joint Ventures <br/>5. Other Horizontal Arrangements<br/>a. Conspiracies to Eliminate a Competitor by Unfair Business Conduct <br/>b. Covenants Not to Compete <br/><br/>D. Vertical Restraints of Trade <br/>l. Vertical Price Restraints <br/>a. Resale Price Maintenance <br/>b. Programs and Practices Affecting Resale Price <br/>(1) Suggested Resale Prices <br/>(2) Price Restrictions Related to Customer or Territorial Restrictions <br/>2. Vertical Nonprice Restraints on Distribution <br/>a. Exclusive Distributorships <br/>b. Deal er Terminations and Refusals to Deal <br/>3. Vertical Nonprice Restraints on Purchasing <br/>a. Tying Arrangements <br/>(1) Elements of a Per Se Violation <br/>(a) Proof of Conditioning <br/>(b) Sufficient Economic Power <br/>b. Exclusive Dealing Arrangements <br/><br/>Chapter II - Monopolization and Related Offenses<br/>A. Introduction <br/>B. Monopoly Power <br/>1. Definition of the Relevant Market <br/>2. Evidence of Monopoly Power <br/>a. Market Share as Indicator of Monopoly Power <br/>b. Other Evidence Relevant to Existence of Monopoly Power<br/>e. Regulation <br/>d. Distinguishing Monopoly Power from Contractual Power <br/>C. Willful Acquisition or Maintenance <br/>1. Vertical Agreements That Foreclose Competition <br/>2. Predatory Pricing <br/>a. Price-Cost Analysis <br/>b. Market Structure and Recoupment <br/>3. Price Squeezes<br/><br/>4. Refusals to Deal <br/>a. Generally <br/>b. The Essential Facilities Doctrine <br/>5. Monopoly Leveraging <br/>6. Anticompetitive Litigation <br/>7. Other Anticompeti tive Conduct. <br/>D. Attempt to Monopolize <br/>1. Predatory or Anticompetitive Conduct <br/>2. Specific lntent <br/>3. Dangerous Probability of Success <br/>E. Conspiracy to Monopolize <br/>F. Shared Monopoly <br/><br/>Chapter III - Mergers and Acquisitions<br/><br/>A. Introduction <br/>1. Scope of Section 7 <br/>2. Enforcement Mechanisms and Guidelines <br/><br/>B. Horizontal Mergers <br/>1. Determining and Assessing the Relevant Market<br/>a. Defining the Relevant Market<br/>b. Identifying Market Participants <br/>e. Significance of Market Share and Concentration <br/>2. Determining and Assessing Ease of Entry <br/>3. Assessi ng Other Factors Bearing on the Competitive Impact of Increased Concentration <br/>a. Market Conditions Affecting Coordinated Interaction <br/>b. Market Conditions Affecting Unilateral Anticompetitive Activity <br/>4. Determining and Assessing Efficiencies <br/>5. Partial Ownership Issues <br/><br/>C. Nonhorizontal Mergers <br/>1. Mergers between Potential Competitors <br/>2. Vertical Mergers <br/><br/>D. Federal Agency Enforcement <br/>1. Premerger Notification <br/>2. Negotiated Settlements <br/>3. Preliminary Relief<br/><br/>E. Enforcement by Private Parties <br/><br/>F. Enforcement by State Attomeys General <br/><br/>G. Interlocking Directorates <br/><br/>Chapter IV - Joint Ventures<br/><br/>A. Introduction <br/><br/>B. Legal Standards Applicable to Joint Ventures <br/>1. Enforcement Agency Guidelines for Joint Ventures <br/><br/>C. Types of Joint Ventures <br/>1. Joint Marketing and Selling Agreements <br/><br/>D. Analysis of Collateral Restraints <br/><br/>Chapter V - Robinson-Patman Act<br/><br/>A. Introduction <br/><br/>B. Price Discrimination Prohibited by Section 2(a) <br/>1. The Req uirement of a Difference in Price<br/>2. The Requírement of Sales to Two or More Purchasers <br/>3. The Requirement of Commodities <br/>4. The Requirement of Competitive Injury <br/>a. Primary Line Injury <br/>b. Secondary Line Injury <br/><br/>C. Wholesaler and Direct-Buying Retailer Pricing Issues <br/><br/>D. The Brokerage Provision <br/><br/>E. Buyer Liability <br/><br/>F. Injury to Plaintiffs under Section 4 of the Clayton Act <br/><br/>Chapter VI - Relevant Market<br/><br/>A. Introduction <br/><br/>B. Product Market Definition <br/>1. Reasonable Interchangeability of Use <br/>2. Cross-Elasticity of Supply <br/>3. Submarkets <br/>4. Limiting a Market to a Single Manufacturer's Product <br/><br/>C. Geographic Market Definition <br/><br/>D. Relevant Market Pleading and Practice <br/>1. Motions to Dismiss the Complaint<br/>2. Motions for Summary Judgment <br/>3. Expert Evidence <br/><br/>Chapter VII - The Federal Trade Commission<br/><br/>A. Introduction <br/><br/>B. Jurisdictional Elements under the FTC Act<br/>1. The Common Carrier Exemption <br/><br/>C. Section 5 of the FTC Act as an Antitrust Law <br/>1. Practices That Violate the Sherman, Clayton, or Robinson-Patman Acts <br/>a. The Three Tenors <br/>b. Biovai! Corp. (Tiazac Orange Book Listing) <br/>e. Biovail Corp. and Elan Corp <br/>d. Schering-Plough Corp <br/>e. Health Care <br/>(1) Physician Organization Cases <br/>(2) Review of Consurnmated Hospital Mergers <br/>(3) FTC Study of Generic Drug Entry Prior to Patent Expiration <br/>f. Standard-Setting Activities <br/>g. Mergers <br/>(1) Libbey, Inc./Anchor Hocking <br/>(2) Commission Statements in Closed Merger Investigations <br/>(a) Synopsys/Avant! <br/>(b) Royal Caribbean/P&O Princess Cruises/Camival Corporation <br/>(e) Kroger/Raley's Supermarkets <br/><br/>D. Section 5 of the FTC Act as a Consumer Protection Law <br/>1. Deceptive Acts and Practices <br/>a. Failure to Have Substantiation for a Claim Is Deceptive <br/>b. Failure to Disclose Material Facts <br/>2. Examples of How and When the Deceptive Standard Is Used <br/>a. Characteristics of Products<br/>b. Guides on Use of Endorsements and Testimonials <br/>e. Guarantees <br/>d. Rebates and Other Promotional Practices <br/>e. Origin of Products <br/>f. Deceptive Business, Employment, and Sales Practices in Certain Industries <br/>g. Issues Related to New Technologies <br/>(1) Privacy <br/>(2) Identity Theft <br/>(3) Internet Fraud <br/>3. Unfair Acts and Practices <br/>a. Examples of Unfair Practices <br/><br/>E. Federal Trade Commission Remedia! Power <br/>1. Cease and Desist Orders <br/>a. Limitations on Scope of FTC Orders <br/>(1) First Amendment Concems <br/>2. Trade Regulation Rules <br/>3. Civil Penalties <br/>4. Consumer Redress <br/>5. Disgorgement in Competition Cases <br/>F. Federal Trade Commission Enforcement Procedures <br/>1. Precomplaint Investigation <br/>a. Precomplaint Compulsory Process <br/>b. Consumer Protection Enforcement Sweeps <br/>e. Joint Federal and State Enforcement Efforts <br/>d. Joint Enforcement with Foreign Govemments <br/>2. Adjudicative Procedures <br/>a. Adjudicative Discovery Procedures <br/>3. Enforcement of District Court Orders <br/><br/>G. Other Federal Trade Commission Activities <br/>l . Advisory Opinions, Industry Guides, Statements of Policy, and Reports <br/>a. Advisory Opinions <br/>b. Reports <br/>2. Competition and Consumer Advocacy <br/>3. Consumer Credit Enforcement <br/>a. FTC Act <br/>b. Fair Credit Reporting Act Fair Debt Collection Practices Act <br/>d. Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act <br/>e. College Scholarship Fraud Prevention Act <br/>4. The Telemarketing Act <br/>5. Pay-per-Call Services <br/><br/>H. Hearings and Workshops <br/><br/>Chapter VIII - Department of Justice Administration and Enforcement<br/><br/>A. Introduction <br/><br/>B. Organization and Structure <br/><br/>C. Relationship with the FTC <br/><br/>D. Investigations <br/>1. Civil Investigations <br/>2. Criminal Investigations <br/>a. Grand Jury Proceedings <br/><br/>E. Civil Litigation <br/>1. Injunctive Remedies <br/>a. Consent Decrees <br/>(1) Entry of Consent Decrees <br/>(2) Intervention in a Consent Decree Proceeding <br/><br/>F. Criminal Litigation <br/>1. Motions to Dismiss <br/>2. Statements of Coconspirators <br/>3. Posttrial Motions <br/>4. Trends in Criminal Antitrust Enforcement <br/>G. Nonprosecutorial Activities <br/><br/>Chapter IX - State Enforcement<br/><br/>A. Introduction <br/><br/>B. Statutory Framework <br/>1. Federal Antitrust Laws <br/>a. Actions as a Private "Person" <br/>(1) Treble Damages Suits <br/>(2) Actions for Injunctive Relief <br/>b. Parens Patriae Actions <br/>2. State Antitrust Laws <br/>a. Development of State Antitrust Laws<br/>b. Indirect Purchasers <br/>e. Criminal Penalties and Civil Damages <br/><br/>C. Constitutional Challenges to State Antitrust Laws <br/>1. The Commerce Clause <br/>2. The Supremacy Clause <br/><br/>D. Coordinated Enforcement <br/>1. Federal-State Cooperation <br/><br/>E. Recent State Enforcement Actions <br/>1. Vertical Restraints <br/>2. Mergers and Joint Ventures <br/>3. Boycotts <br/>4. Monopolization <br/>5. Multistate Indirect Purchaser Litigation <br/><br/>Chapter X - Private Antitrust Suits<br/><br/>A. Introduction <br/><br/>B. Standing Requirements of Section 4 of the Clayton Act <br/>1. "Injured in His Business or Property" Defined <br/>a. "Business or Property" Defined <br/>2. "By Reason of ' - The Antitrust Injury Requirement <br/>3. Considerations of Remoteness <br/>a. The Pass-On/Indirect Purchaser Doctrine <br/>b. Other Cases Dealing with Remoteness Concems <br/><br/>C. Standing Requirements of Section 16 of the Clayton Act <br/><br/>D. Proof of lnjury and Damages <br/>1. Proof of Damages <br/>a. Burden of Proof <br/>b. Calculation of Damages <br/><br/>E. Injunctive Relief. <br/>1. ln General <br/>2. Preliminary Injunctions <br/>3. Permanent Injunctions <br/><br/>F. Defenses <br/>1. Statute of Limitations <br/>a. Accrual of Cause of Action <br/>b. Tolling the Statute of Limitations <br/>(1) Fraudulent Concealment <br/><br/>G. Practice and Procedure<br/>1. Sumrnary Judgment <br/>2. Antitrust Class Actions <br/>a. Prerequisites to a Class Action <br/>(1) The Numerosity Requirement <br/>(2) Commonality <br/>(3) Typicality <br/>(4) Adequacy <br/>b. Additional Requirements to Maintain a Class Action <br/>(1) Rule 23(b)(3) Classes <br/>(a) Predominance <br/>(b) Superiority <br/>e. The Class Certification Decision <br/>d. Appealing the Class Certification Decision <br/>e. Dismissal and Compromise of Class Actions <br/>(1) Generally <br/>(2) Distribution Plan Approval <br/>(3) Approval of Attorneys' Fees <br/>f. Notice and Costs in Class Actions <br/>3. Selected Discovery Problems <br/>a. Scope of Discovery <br/>(1) Relevant Time Period <br/>(2) Range of Products Subject to Discovery <br/>b. Discovery from Nonparties <br/>(1) Corporate Affiliates <br/>(2) Nonparty Market Participants <br/>e. Attomey-Client Privilege <br/>d. Sanctions for Failure to Make Discovery <br/>e. Fifth Amendment Issues <br/>f. Electronic Discovery <br/>4. Use of Govemment Judgments and Decrees <br/>5. Admissibility of Expert Testimony <br/>6. Appeals <br/><br/>H. Declaratory Judgments <br/><br/>I. Attomeys' Fees <br/><br/>J. Miscellaneous Topics <br/>1. Arbitrability of Antitrust Claims <br/>2. Rule 11 <br/>3. Antitrust Violation as a Defense to a Contract Suit<br/>4. Contribution <br/>5. Insurance Coverage for Antitrust Claims <br/><br/>Chapter XI - Antitrust Issues lnvolving Intellectual Property<br/><br/>A. Introduction <br/><br/>B. Federal Enforcement Activities <br/><br/>C. Patent and Copyright Antitrust Issues <br/>1. Acquisitíon of Patents as an Antitrust Violation <br/>2. Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights as an Antitrust Violation <br/>a. Intellectual Property Obtained by Fraud or Inequitable Conduct <br/>b. Bad-Fai th Enforcement of Intellectual Property Rights <br/>3. Licensing Intellectual Property as an Antitrust Violatíon <br/>a. Exclusivity <br/>b. Royalties <br/>(1) Preissuance and Postexpiratíon Royalties <br/>c. Tying Arrangements <br/>4. Nonuse and Refusal to License Patents or Copyrights <br/>5. Settlement of Infringement Actions and Interference Proceedings <br/><br/>D. Patent and Copyright Misuse <br/>l . The Patent Misuse Doctrine <br/>a. Overview of the Doctrine-Relation to Antítrust <br/>b. Remed ies for Misuse <br/>2 . The Copyright Misuse Doctrine <br/><br/>E. Procedural Aspects of the Antitrust-Intellectual Property Interface <br/>1. Jurisdiction <br/>2. Procedure <br/><br/>Chapter XII - Antitrust and International Commerce<br/><br/>A. Introductíon <br/><br/>B. Subject-Matter Jurisdiction and Related Issues<br/>1. Jurisdiction over Foreign Conduct Involving Import Comrnerce <br/>2. Jurisdiction over Foreign Conduct Not Involving Import Comrnerce <br/>3. Direct, Substantial, and Reasonably Foreseeable Effect <br/><br/>C. Defenses and Exemptions to Application of Antitrust Law in Foreign Commerce <br/><br/>D. Discovery and the Conduct of Litigation in Foreign Commerce Cases <br/>1. Discovery in Intemational Commerce Cases <br/>2. Discovery within the United States in Actions outside the United States <br/>3. Procedural Issues in Foreign Commerce <br/><br/>E. Intemational Antitrust Enforcement <br/>1. Intemational Criminal Enforcement <br/>2. Multijurisdictional Merger Review <br/>3. Bilateral and Multilateral Cooperation <br/><br/>Chapter XIII - General Exemptions and Immunities<br/><br/>A. Introduction <br/><br/>B. The State Action Doctrine <br/>1. State Action Analysis of Private Conduct-A Two-Part Framework <br/>a. The Clear Articulation Requirement <br/>b. The Active Supervision Requirement <br/>2. Actions Taken by Subordinate Govemment Entities <br/>a. State Executive Department, Agencies, or Special Authorities <br/>b. Cities, Counties, and Municipalities <br/>(1) Clear Articulation <br/><br/>C. Solicitation of Govemment Action <br/>1. Basic Framework and Evolution of Noerr Immunity <br/>a. Efforts to Influence Administrative Processes <br/>b. Efforts to Influence Adjudicatory Processes <br/>c. Efforts to Influence Private Organizations <br/>2. Qualifications to Noerr Immunity <br/>a. Sham Exception<br/>b. Supplying False Information <br/><br/>D. Relationship between Antitrust and Govemment Regulation <br/>1. Implied Exemptions <br/>2. The Filed Rate Doctrine <br/>3. Primary Jurisdiction <br/><br/>Chapter XIV - Regulated Industries<br/><br/>A. Agriculture <br/><br/>B. Communications <br/>1. Common Carriers <br/>a. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 <br/>(1) Judicial Interpretation of the 1996 Act<br/>(a) The Interplay between the Antitrust Laws and the 1996 Act <br/>(b) Iowa Utilities Board and the Limits of the Federal Communications Commission 's Local Competition Authority <br/>(2) Provision of In-Region Long Distance <br/><br/>C. Energy <br/>1. Natural Gas <br/>a. Mergers and Acquisitions <br/>2. Electric Power <br/>a. Mergers and Acquisitions <br/><br/>D. Financial Institutions and Markets <br/>1. Financial Institutions <br/>a. Joint Ventures <br/>b. Mergers and Acquisitions <br/><br/>E. Government Contracts <br/><br/>F. Health Care <br/>1. Introduction <br/>2. Staff Privileges <br/>a. Denial, Terrnination, or Limitation of Staff Privileges<br/>b. The Health Care Quality Improvement Act <br/>3. Health Care Provider Networks and Joint Ventures <br/>a. Pricing Issues for Provider Networks <br/>b. Exclusionary Conduct by Provider Networks and Joint Ventures <br/>(1) Refusals to Deal <br/>(2) Exclusive and Selective Contracting <br/>4. Other Pricing Issues in Health Care <br/>a. Exchanges of Price and Other Information <br/>5. Pharmaceuticals and Agreements to Impede Market Entry <br/>6. The Noerr-Pennington and State Action Doctrines <br/><br/>G. Organized Labor <br/><br/>H. Sports <br/><br/>I. Transportation <br/>1. Rail Transportation <br/>a. Regulation of Rates and Agreements <br/>b. Mergers and Acquisitions <br/>e. Entry and Exit <br/>2. Air Transportation <br/>a. Regulatory History and Framework <br/>b. Mergers, Acquisitions, and Joint Ventures <br/>(1) Airline Joint Ventures <br/>(2) International <br/>e. Price Fixing and Related Conduct <br/>d. Monopolization <br/>e. Computer Reservation Systems <br/><br/>Table of Cases |